- KVKK (Law No. 6698)
- Türkiye's data-protection statute, effective from 7 April 2016. Amended substantially in March 2024 to harmonise cross-border transfer mechanisms and introduce a legitimate-interests lawful basis. Administered by the Personal Data Protection Authority (KVKK Kurumu) and the Personal Data Protection Board.
- Lawful bases (Article 5)
- Explicit consent, performance of a contract, compliance with a legal obligation, protection of life, data made public by the data subject, establishment or protection of rights, legitimate interest (added 2024), and processing required by law. Sensitive personal data (Article 6) has a tighter list.
- VERBIS thresholds
- Registration with the Data Controllers Registry is required if the controller has more than 50 employees, OR annual turnover above ₺100M, OR is a foreign data controller (regardless of size). Specific exemptions apply for low-risk processors and certain sectors.
- Cross-border transfers post-March 2024
- The amended Article 9 brings KVKK into line with GDPR concepts: adequacy decisions by the KVKK Board, Standard Contractual Clauses, Binding Corporate Rules, and derogations for specific situations (consent, contract, public interest, legal claims). The old commitment-letter regime is being phased out.
- When GDPR applies on top of KVKK
- GDPR applies to a Turkish studio if it offers goods or services to EU data subjects, or monitors their behaviour. Both regimes apply in parallel. The pack is built so the public-facing policy and the internal records satisfy both without duplication.
- Data subject rights
- Under KVKK Article 11: access, information, correction, deletion, objection to automated decisions, and compensation. GDPR Articles 15 to 22 cover access, rectification, erasure, restriction, portability, objection, and automated-decision rights. The response window is 30 days under KVKK and one month under GDPR.
- Administrative fines
- KVKK fines are revised annually and can reach several million Turkish lira per violation. GDPR fines run up to the higher of EUR 20 million or 4% of global annual turnover. Failure to register with VERBIS, unlawful cross-border transfers, and failure to notify breaches are common high-fine categories.
- Cookies and electronic communications
- The KVKK Board's June 2022 cookie guidance distinguishes strictly-necessary cookies (no consent needed) from analytics, advertising, and personalisation cookies (require informed, specific consent). Banner solutions configured to match.